Archaic

Archaic

Scala natura

Ray

Linnæus

Artificial/natural system

-

Artificial

Artificial

Artificial

Organisms real or representations

-

Representations

Real

Real

Categories

Distinct

Distinct

Distinct

Distinct

Hybrids

-

-

Do not exist

Troublesome

Linear or branching

-

Linear

Linear

Branching

Characters

Few, implicit

Few, explicit

Few, explicit

Few, explicit

Subordination of characters

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

	Cuvier	Lamarck	Thiele	Phenetics	Cladistics
Artificial/natural system	Artificial	Natural	Natural	Artificial	Natural
Organisms real or representations	Real	Real	Real	Real	Real
Categories	Distinct	Indistinct	Indistinct	Distinct	Distinct
Hybrids	Do not exist	Evidence!	Evidence!	(Do not exist)	(Do not exist)
Linear or branching	Branching	Linear	Branching	Branching	Branching
Characters	Few/some, explicit & implicit	Few/some, explicit & implicit	Some, mostly implicit	Many explicit	Many explicit
Subordination of characters	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No (ideally)

	Archaic	Scala natura	Ray	Linnæus
Artificial/natural system	-	Artificial	Artificial	Artificial
Organisms real or representations	-	Representations	Real	Real
Categories	Distinct	Distinct	Distinct	Distinct
Hybrids	-	-	Do not exist	Troublesome
Linear or branching	-	Linear	Linear	Branching
Characters	Few, implicit	Few, explicit	Few, explicit	Few, explicit
Subordination of characters	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes